By *Saoud Al-AHBABI 

According to the Qai d’Orsay, Qatar and France have maintained relations since the country’s declaration of independence in 1971 and the opening of joint diplomatic representations the following year. Bilateral relations developed in the early 1990s in the fields of security and hydrocarbons. Present in Qatar since 1936, Total Energies (formerly Total) very quickly became one of the main partners of Qatar Energies (formerly Qatar Petroleum) in the extraction and development of the country’s hydrocarbon resources.

Qatar’s desire to diversify its economy and reduce its dependence on gas has enabled us to broaden the scope of our cooperation in a number of sectors, including the military and security sector (the fight against terrorism and radicalisation), the economic and investment sector (infrastructure with the Doha metro, aeronautics), culture (with Qatar Museums), education and higher education (the HEC Paris campus in Doha). Finally, France and Qatar are keen to strengthen their cooperation on sport and major global issues (climate, global health, development and humanitarian aid, smart and sustainable cities).

The diplomatic relationship is excellent and productive, with regular consultations between the authorities and at the highest level. The Strategic Dialogue, set up in 2019, enables operational monitoring of the main projects structuring the bilateral relationship. The first session, co-chaired by the foreign affairs ministers, was held in Doha on 28 March 2022, followed by a second session in Doha on 8 June 2023.

Since 2017, the President of the French Republic has visited Doha four times. During his first visit, on 7 December 2017, numerous agreements were signed in the fields of the economy, education, defence and the fight against terrorism and radicalisation. The President of the French Republic visited Doha again on 3 December 2021, as part of a tour of the Gulf, during which the Afghan question was at the heart of discussions, with two evacuation and humanitarian aid delivery operations carried out jointly with Qatar. He travelled again as part of the 2022 Football World Cup: for the semi-final and final of the French team on 14 and 18 December 2022.

The strategic partnership and its various components

Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, and the then Minister of Europe and Foreign Affairs, Madame Catherine Colonna, held the second Qatar-France strategic dialogue on 8 June 2023, in Doha, Qatar. Qatar and France welcomed the holding of the second annual strategic dialogue and reviewed the significant progress made since the holding of the first strategic dialogue in March 2022. The two countries highlighted the strength of their bilateral relationship and reaffirmed their determination to develop its full potential, by deepening cooperation in all areas of common interest and by identifying concrete joint projects in order to further deepen their strategic cooperation.

The two sides reaffirmed their joint commitment to a law-based international order, as well as to promoting peace, stability and prosperity in the Middle East, and continuing close cooperation on regional and international crises.

The State of Qatar and the French Republic have signed a declaration of intent relating to cooperation and partnership in the field of international development.

Testimony to their strong partnership, this annual dialogue made it possible to review bilateral relations, regional and international subjects, development and humanitarian aid, defense and security, trade, investment, economy, education, culture and scientific research, climate change, energy, environment and sports.

Political cooperation

Qatar and France expressed their commitment to consolidating their strategic partnership through a continuous and in-depth dialogue, based on trust, on all key issues to respond to global challenges. The ministers stressed the importance of deepening their dialogue, diplomacy and policy coordination on crises affecting regional and international security, and promoting peace, security and prosperity.

Prime Minister Sheikh Al Thani and Minister Colonna discussed recent developments in Sudan, Lebanon, Syria, Libya, Iran, Afghanistan and Chad, and explored ways to further deepen their coordination in these regions.

Regarding the Middle East peace process, they reiterated their commitment to achieving a two-state solution on the basis of all relevant UN resolutions, based on the 1967 lines and with Jerusalem as the capital shared by the two states. They stressed the urgency of putting an end to all unilateral actions, particularly regarding settlement expansion and the importance of safeguarding the historical status quo at all holy sites in Jerusalem. They expressed concern about the humanitarian, political, economic and security situation in the Gaza Strip, and reaffirmed the indispensable role of UNRWA and the need to support it.

Both countries reaffirmed their support for the sovereignty, independence and territorial unity and integrity of Ukraine, and reaffirmed their commitment to the principles of international law and the Charter of Nations united.

Ahead of the third Baghdad Summit, the two ministers expressed their joint commitment to promoting cooperation and improving regional security and stability, including by supporting the stability and prosperity of Iraq in order to promote a complete reconstruction and development.

Development and humanitarian cooperation

Regarding humanitarian and development cooperation, the two countries affirmed their intention to strengthen cooperation and coordination by consolidating dialogue between their respective implementing agencies, and agreed to identify joint projects for the benefit populations in need. The two governments are pleased to sign a memorandum of understanding between the QFFD and the AFD Group, setting out a common framework to facilitate and strengthen cooperation.

Defense and security cooperation

The State of Qatar and France signed, on the sidelines of the visit of His Highness Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani, the Emir of the country, to the French Republic, a number of agreements aimed at strengthening cooperation in matters of security between the two parties.
In this context, the two countries signed an administrative security cooperation agreement as part of securing the Summer Olympic Games (Paris 2024), which will be held from July 26 to August 11, 2024.
The agreement was signed by His Excellency Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Minister of the Interior and Commander of the Internal Security Force (Lekhwiya), and His Excellency Gérald Darmanin, French Minister of the Interior and Overseas -sea.
Under this agreement, the Qatar Security Forces will contribute to the security coverage of the Paris Olympic Games through the participation of officers in foot patrols, National Operations Center activities, cavalry operations, the use of drones, explosive ordnance disposal, supporting cybersecurity analysts, explosive detection by dogs, counter-terrorism and riot control.
The Qatar Security Forces will also be involved in managing civil security during international sporting events, ensuring vehicle control, first aid and search and rescue operations.
In this regard, a Qatari team visited Paris to familiarize themselves with the logistical arrangements, locations, assignments and other arrangements.

Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Minister of the Interior and Commander of the Internal Security Force (Lekhwiya), and Mr. Gérald Darmanin, Minister of the Interior and Overseas Territories, signed an action plan between the two friendly countries on bilateral cooperation during the period 2024-2027.Furthermore, a letter of intent was signed between the Internal Security Force (Lekhwiya) and the French National Gendarmerie to strengthen security cooperation. The letter was signed, on the Qatari side, by Colonel Nawaf Majid Al Ali, Deputy Commander of the Internal Security Force (Lekhwiya) for security operations and training, and, on the French side, by General Christian Rodriguez, Director General of the National Gendarmerie.
Sheikh Khalifa bin Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani and Mr Gérald Darmanin had a meeting during which they reviewed the cooperative relations between the two countries in the field of security and the means to support and develop them, while by discussing a number of topics of common interest.

Qatar and France reaffirmed the importance of their cooperation in the field of defense and security, as a cornerstone of their partnership. This point was illustrated by the increase in official visits over the past year, and by the strengthening of coordination at the operational level. They also explored ways to strengthen existing ties and expand their activities relating to common strategic interests.

Both sides welcomed the strong and enduring partnership between their respective security forces. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Sheikh Al Thani thanked France for its security partnership and its contribution to the preparation and holding of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. They underlined their interest in strengthening this cooperation, as well as to identify new areas of cooperation in areas of common interest.

The two governments agreed to continue their strong partnership in cybersecurity, and the fight against terrorism, the fight against violent extremism and illicit financial flows, and the fight against transnational threats.

Qatar and France reaffirmed the importance of their cooperation in the field of defense and security, as a cornerstone of their partnership. This point was illustrated by the increase in official visits over the past year, and by the strengthening of coordination at the operational level. They also explored ways to strengthen existing ties and expand their activities related to common strategic interests. Both sides welcomed the strong and enduring partnership between their respective security forces. Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs Sheikh Al Thani thanked France for its security partnership and its contribution to the preparation and holding of the 2022 FIFA World Cup. They underlined their interest in strengthening this cooperation, as well as to identify new areas of cooperation in areas of common interest.

The two governments agreed to continue their strong partnership in cybersecurity, and the fight against terrorism, the fight against violent extremism and illicit financial flows, and the fight against transnational threats.

Economic, trade and investment cooperation

Qatar and France have highlighted the importance of their growing economic, trade and investment partnership, with bilateral trade worth more than €4.2 billion last year. The two governments highlighted the marked increase in bilateral trade, which grew by 165% between 2021 and 2022, contributing to supporting employment, innovation and economic development in both countries.

Both sides discussed ways to further develop their trade and investment partnership, through a roadmap targeting strategic areas in line with the framework of economic diversification objectives mentioned by Qatar National Vision 2030 and in accordance with the “France 2030” economic plan, and underlined their desire to continue to improve and strengthen cooperation between the French and Qatari private sectors. They also explored areas of common interest such as tax policy, financial support for development, green finance, Export Credit Agency (ECA) financing, food security and the circular economy. The ministers of the two countries expressed their wish to extend their cooperation to new areas such as innovation and the transition to renewable and clean energy.

Cooperation in education, higher education, culture, health and sports

 

Qatar and France reviewed their solid cooperation in the fields of culture, education, higher education and health. They emphasized their intention to further increase activities in these areas. They expressed their mutual intention to strengthen their cooperation in education and higher education, promoting academic exchanges of students, as well as further exploring joint training and programs for students to achieve their personal goals. and professionals.

They also highlighted their growing partnership in the field of higher education, particularly in light of the signing of a cooperation agreement between Sciences Po and the Doha Institute. Both sides welcomed joint efforts to increase French language learning in schools in Qatar.

The cultural ties uniting Qatar and France were also mentioned as potential areas for improved cooperation. They highlighted the importance of consolidating coordination between their respective institutions in this regard.

Qatar and France also expressed their wish to strengthen the sharing of expertise between the medical communities of the two countries, including through the renewal of the intergovernmental agreement on the training of Qatari doctors specialized in France.

The Minister of the Times, Madame Colonna, congratulated the State of Qatar for the successful organization of the 2022 FIFA World Cup, the first to be held in the Arab world. As France prepares to host the 2023 Rugby World Cup and the 2024 Summer Olympics and Paralympics in Paris, both parties have expressed their commitment to sharing expertise. They agreed to continue their dialogue on the transformative dimension and legacy of major sporting events.

A partnership towards a responsible common future

 

The State of Qatar and France underline the importance of their continued partnership benefiting the interests of both countries and consolidating their coordination towards a responsible common future.

Qatar and France look forward to assessing progress in these areas during the third strategic dialogue planned for Paris in 2024.

The author Arafat Ali Jarghoun considers, in his Arabic work[1], that the partnership between France and the State of Qatar is strategic and durable for the reasons of seniority as well as the solid basis of mutual trust on which this partnership has been built since the independence of Qatar in 1971. He believes that the Franco-Qatari relations which contributed to the construction of this partnership are effective and confinable for potential development in the future towards other economic, political perspectives and diplomatic, military as well as cultural and social.

The Qatari newspaper Al-Watan described the Franco-Qatari partnership as an international model to be followed by other countries. This article was published on February 29, 2024 under the title “The Qatari-French partnership is a global model”[2]. Sheikh Mohammed bin Abdulrahman bin Jassim Al Thani, Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs, and Gabriel Attal, Prime Minister of the friendly French Republic, opened the work of Qatari-French relations. Economic Forum, which was held on the sidelines of the visit of Sheikh Tamim Bin Hamad Al Thani, Emir of the country, to the French Republic on February 27 and 28, 2024.

The Prime Minister and Minister of Foreign Affairs said in his opening address to the forum: « Our meeting today is of great importance as it represents a pivotal opportunity to strengthen economic and investment relations between the State of Qatar and the Republic of France. We would like to express our gratitude to the private sector representatives and businessmen from both sides for being with us today. We also look forward to establishing more investment partnerships that would benefit both parties. He added: « The Qatari-French strategic partnership represents a global model on the map of bilateral and regional alliances, as this partnership has been established thanks to the close ties between our two friendly countries and peoples, and our unified vision across all sectors. In this respect, I cannot fail to commend the valuable efforts of French companies operating in the State of Qatar, which have helped to support the country’s economic diversification plans in line with the key sectors identified in the Qatar National Vision 2030. »

The Prime Minister stressed the importance of stepping up joint efforts to realise the full potential of the partnership between the two countries, in light of the economic challenges and transformations the world is witnessing, despite the remarkable growth in the volume of intra-African trade between the two countries, which has increased by 158% over the past five years, rising from 1.7 billion US dollars in 2018 to over 4.5 billion US dollars in 2022, indicating his aspiration to make a greater contribution to the level of bilateral trade relations between the two countries.

He explained that the State of Qatar’s achievements under the second national development strategy have seen major developments in the country’s infrastructure, which extend to include the new metro and tram network, the international airport and the port of Hamad, as well as the creation of large-scale industrial logistics zones.

He said: “As Qatar is one of the largest exporters of natural gas, we have worked to develop an energy network that not only stands out for its efficiency and reliability, but is also considered one of the most efficient networks. more competitive globally. Looking at our outlook, we see that the Third National Development Strategy of the State of Qatar 2024-2030 aims to focus on priority sectors such as low-carbon metal manufacturing and integrating energy sources renewables to align industrial and manufacturing consumption with environmental considerations. Along the same lines, the State of Qatar is committed to strengthening the capabilities of its oilfield services and equipment sector, through targeted initiatives that include focusing on specialized activities in chemical industries and to establish an advanced industrial center for the oil sector and the gas industry.

He added: In turn, our national strategy is fundamentally based on the element of innovation and aims to provide a competitive advantage in the dynamic landscape observed by the manufacturing of end products, thereby strengthening the position of the State of Qatar in as a state. Technologically advanced entity in the field of industry, and we aim to achieve these goals and objectives through policy reforms. Required and allocated investments worth over $100 billion by 2030, and in turn, the key sectors identified in the country’s third national development strategy offer promising opportunities for bilateral partnership and investment between our countries, as they include manufacturing, logistics, IT, digital, food, agriculture, healthcare, education and other sectors .

His Excellency expressed hope that the forum discussion sessions will witness final results and valuable information and discover ways to strengthen the strategic partnership between the State of Qatar and the French Republic and push it towards new horizons broader, highlighting that the State of Qatar and its economic stability and the facilities it offers in the procedures for establishing businesses in the country. It will continue to strengthen the country’s position as an attractive destination for foreign businesses and investors.

According to the Qatar Tribune website, in its article published on May 31, 2022[3], relations between Qatar and the French Republic are based on solid foundations of mutual respect, common interests and cooperation in various areas in order to ensure a better future for current and future generations. The two friendly countries are linked by a number of agreements and memoranda of understanding in the economic, political, cultural, scientific, academic and technical fields, as well as in the military field.

The meeting between His Highness the Amir of the State of Qatar Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani and the President of the French Republic Emmanuel Macron, held on February 27, 2024 in Paris, aims to strengthen friendly relations and cooperation between the two countries and to find ways to support and develop them in various areas. The Emir and the French President discussed major regional and international developments of common interest and exchanged views on them. H.H. the Emir’s talks with the French president inaugurate a new phase of cooperation and coordination relations between the two countries, with H.H. the Emir’s visit to the French capital being the first after Macron’s victory for a second term presidential. The Emir’s visit is also of great significance because it coincides with successive international developments on more than one level and fluctuations in the energy, raw materials and food markets, an issue that requires communication and a consultation at the highest level between the two friendly countries in order to strengthen relations and advance them towards broader horizons for the good and interest of the two friendly countries and peoples. Relations between the two countries date back to 1971. In the year 2023, both sides celebrated the 50th anniversary of the establishment of relations, when the first Qatari embassy was opened in Paris in 1971.

 

In recent years, relations between the two countries have seen a strong boost, especially since the visit of H.H. the Amir to France in September 2017, in addition to the continuous growth of relations since the early 1990s in various fields. Relations between the two countries have been strengthened and expanded in recent years through successive meetings of the leaders of the two countries and mutual visits of senior officials as well as political, economic, trade and investment delegations between Doha and Paris.

This reflects the shared visions, interests and convergence of views between the two countries on regional and international issues, as well as their strong strategic cooperation in the fields of the economy, investment, defence and the fight against terrorism.

As part of ongoing consultations between the leaders of the two countries, Mr. Macron visited Doha in December 2023, where he was received by His Highness the Amir. They discussed the relations of friendship and cooperation between the two countries and ways to strengthen them in various fields, including economy, investment, defense, security, education and development, in a manner that meets the mutual interests of the two friendly countries.

During the visit, the two sides signed a memorandum of understanding in the field of economy and finance, as well as a letter of intent on cultural cooperation. In addition, a joint communiqué was issued regarding the best positions of the two countries with regard to bilateral cooperation in various sectors and current international issues of common interest. The press release reiterates the French President’s thanks to H.H. the Emir for the considerable assistance provided by Qatar in the evacuation of French nationals and their families from Afghanistan and in the protection of Afghans in danger. The French president also praised the close cooperation between the two countries to transport 40 tonnes of emergency aid to Kabul, the Afghan capital, aboard a Qatari flight.

The Emir and the French President wish to continue strengthening cooperation between the two countries in the economic sphere, especially as many Qatari and French companies have long-term partnerships in key sectors. In addition, the two parties agreed to strengthen their institutional cooperation in the agricultural sector and to find new ways of financing projects, such as public-private partnerships.

The leaders of the two countries expressed their desire to extend this cooperation to new areas such as innovation and the transition to renewable and clean energy, particularly in the context of the economic diversification objectives set out in Qatar’s National Vision 2030, and in cooperation with the « France 2030 » economic plan, which is based on technology, healthcare and the climate by moving towards the use of environmentally-friendly electric cars and other sectors with innovative technologies. Both parties have made sport a major area of cooperation and have agreed to explore new partnerships in this field, especially as both countries will be hosting two major sporting events, the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar and the 2024 Olympic Games in Paris.

To give concrete expression to the political will of the leaders of the two countries to improve and develop these relations to a level that serves the interests of the two friendly peoples, the first round of the strategic dialogue between the two countries was held in Doha in March. During this round, the two sides discussed a number of political and economic issues and international developments, as well as issues of common interest, including Chadian reconciliation, political developments in Lebanon and Afghanistan, the Palestinian cause, developments in Libya and the Iranian nuclear issue, as well as the need for a diplomatic solution to the crisis in Ukraine and respect for international law and international humanitarian law during this crisis. France is one of Qatar’s main strategic partners, with 418 French companies operating in the country, including 120 companies wholly owned by the French side, 290 companies established in partnership with the Qatari side, 8 companies approved by the Qatar Financial Centre (QFC) and three representative offices of the French Republic.

According to the Planning and Statistics Authority (PSA), intra-regional trade between Qatar and France amounted to more than 6.3 billion in 2021, including 2.85 billion in imports focused on aviation requirements, textiles, clothing and agricultural products, while Qatar’s exports amounted to nearly 3.5 billion, most of them in gas and energy products. French companies continue to participate in Qatar’s renaissance and the realisation of the Qatar National Vision 2030, with their work focusing on projects related to the infrastructure of facilities and stadiums for the FIFA World Cup Qatar 2022. There are also long-term projects between QatarEnergy and the French company TOTAL, as well as many other projects, such as desalination. France is one of the favourite destinations for Qatari investors abroad. These investments are estimated at around 30 billion dollars, including 10 billion in private investments, and cover the energy, real estate, media, hotel, financial services, transport, communications and sports sectors.

The KNDS website published its article on 13 March 2018[4], related to the signing of a letter of intent on 7 December 2017 between Nexter and the Qatari Ministry of Defence (via Barzan Holdings, a company wholly owned by the Qatari Ministry of Defence) for a partnership around the acquisition of VBCIs for the Qatari forces (Al Rayyan programme), a Joint Venture has been established in Qatar and will be the local industrial base for the delivery and maintenance of complete vehicles for the Al Rayyan programme.

This first MOU represents a major step in the strategic partnership between Qatar and France: it will enable cooperation between Nexter, the French leader in land defence, and Barzan, a Qatari strategic industrial player. Together, they will work to finalise the Qatari VBCI programme. Other joint projects are being studied to offer complementary solutions to the Qatari forces.

Nexter offers a 100% French solution offering the latest evolution of the combat-proven French armored infantry fighting vehicle (VBCI MkII) to strengthen the Qatari armed forces. The French proposal contributes to the development of the Qatar Emiri defense industrial and technological base, in line with Qatar’s 2030 vision: a final assembly line, maintenance and support, as well as the production of a wide range of munitions will be localized, for the benefit of the sovereignty of Qatar. Nexter also presents its innovative range of medium caliber ammunition, artillery and combat tanks, usable by the Leopard 2 tank and the PZH 2000.

The TacticalReport.com[5] site published its article on February 20, 2023, related to the development of defense cooperation between France and the State of Qatar. The Emir of Qatar Sheikh Tamim met French President Emmanuel Macron on Wednesday February 15, 2023 during an official visit to Paris. The two leaders reportedly discussed strengthening the defense partnership between the two countries, particularly in the area of air defense. French Minister of the Armed Forces Sébastien Lecornu is expected to go to Doha later to follow up on several joint military files. Tactical Report has prepared a 237-word report to shed light on Franco-Qatari defense cooperation. The Reuters Agency confirmed, through a publication of July 26, 2023[6], the desire of France as well as that of Qatar to develop the Franco-Qatari defense partnership by agreeing on the sale of Rafale to the State of Qatar.

France and Qatar have a common desire to develop a defense partnership that builds on existing cooperation with Rafale fighter jets, said a source from the French Ministry of Defense, a few days after the minister’s visit to Doha to consolidate military ties. Qatar did not immediately respond to a request for comment. The source did not want to confirm information from the economic daily La Tribune according to which Doha wanted to buy 24 additional Dassault planes and possibly modernize its existing fleet by equipping it with the latest technologies. The Tribune did not identify its sources.

Sébastien Lecornu, French Minister of the Armed Forces, met with Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad al-Thani in Qatar. The French source said the feeling was that Doha was happy with its Rafale purchase and the impression was that there was a desire to take the partnership further. This could mean purchasing new planes and upgrading the existing fleet, the source said. The two countries concluded a first contract of 7 billion dollars (6.34 billion euros) for 24 Rafales in 2015, before Qatar ordered 12 others in 2017.

In a statement, the French Defense Ministry said the discussions in Qatar had “focused on strengthening the Franco-Qatari strategic partnership, based on diplomatic, operational and industrial cooperation.” India has approved the purchase of 26 Rafales, the latest in a series of contracts for Dassault, which received an order for 80 aircraft from the United Arab Emirates 18 months ago.

The CCI France Qatar/Maison de la France confirmed, in its article published on February 29, 2024[7], that at the invitation of H.E. the President of the French Republic, Emmanuel Macron, H.S.H. the Emir of the State of Qatar Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al-Thani paid a state visit to France on February 27 and 28, 2024. The Emir of Qatar and the President of the French Republic praised the depth and breadth of the strategic partnership between their two countries, an alliance anchored in a relationship of trust and long-standing bilateral cooperation. They welcomed the upcoming holding of the third France-Qatar strategic dialogue in Paris.

The Team-France-Export.fr site considers, in its article of March 24, 2023[8], that the year 2022 was remarkable for the Franco-Qatari strategic partnership. The year 2022 has proven to be exceptional for Qatar and Franco-Qatari relations. Indeed, the country brilliantly hosted the FIFA World Cup™, marking a first for a country in the Middle East and the Arab world. This tournament was particularly remarkable for its uniqueness, taking place mainly in Doha and its surroundings, attracting supporters from all over the world and bringing together millions of viewers, thus providing a showcase for Qatar and its diverse facets, from its history to its ambitions. At the same time, 2022 was also marked by the fiftieth anniversary of diplomatic relations between France and Qatar, celebrated through high-level exchanges, popular cultural events and the development of new collaborations of common interest, which continued in 2023. Illustrating the strength of current trade, the number of French companies and franchises established in Qatar now exceeds 120 and 90 respectively, with an upward trend. At the same time, France, European leader in terms of attractiveness for job-creating investments since 2019, is continuing its ambitious “France 2030” future investment plan, offering opportunities in sectors such as energy transition, technology, health and agri-food, areas likely to interest our Qatari partners.

Military cooperation

Ralph Johnson considers that the special relationship between France and Qatar dates back to the 1970s and constitutes one of the oldest, broadest and most reliable relations between Paris and the countries of the Middle East. Ralph Johnson’s article in « Eurasia Review », translated by Al-Khaleej Al-Jadeed (New Gulf), argues that Qatar’s openness and business-friendly traditions have strengthened its ties with many Western countries, especially France. The second target of Qatari investments in Europe, after Great Britain. Qatar maintains warm relations with Western countries around the world, but it remains fundamentally independent, something it shares with France. The article highlights that Qatar has an independent streak and that France is one of the few developed countries that does not systematically align with its allies in general, or with the United States in particular. In 2003, the US invasion of Iraq led all Western allies to line up behind the US superpower, but France chose not to join the conflict, a show of independence noted by the Arab world[ 9].

Despite all of the above, the military sector remains probably the most vital aspect of this ever-evolving relationship, as demonstrated by the Qatari Navy’s recent joint naval exercises with its French counterpart in February 2023, under personal supervision of Defense Minister Khalid. bin Mohammed Al-Attiyah.

Cooperation in the areas of security and defense represents one of the pillars of bilateral relations between Qatar and France, since Qatar has purchased several French Rafale aircraft and both sides also organize military training and maneuvers regular. The article notes that the naval forces are currently undergoing significant reinforcements, notably with the arrival of several warships built by Fincantieri, such as the Zubarah-class corvettes. The Qatari Air Force is mainly composed of French aircraft (Mirage 2000, gradually replaced by Rafale fighters), with a small number of British and American equipment.

Qatar is one of the largest importers of Rafale fighters, with 36 aircraft ordered, and new French helicopters are also being delivered, after an order for 28 units. The report adds that trust between the two countries has reached sufficient levels for Qatar to acquire the necessary capabilities to manage its defense programs with the help of France. Qatar should equip itself with digital programs such as the “VPCI” program, which is a program for infantry fighting vehicles provided by the French company Nexter, one of Qatar’s main suppliers. The report states that relations between Qatar and France, like any other long-term relationship, have experienced repeated fluctuations. But each time, officials from both countries have had the political and diplomatic prowess necessary to navigate it brilliantly. Each time, a way was found to preserve mutual interests and a thriving relationship that will remain fruitful in the future for both parties.

Security and defense cooperation between France and Qatar is a pillar of our bilateral relations. The signing on May 4, 2015 of a contract for the purchase of 24 Rafale combat aircraft, then the activation of the option for 12 additional Rafale combat aircraft in December 2017, confirmed the close relations between Paris and Doha. The signing of an intergovernmental agreement on March 15, 2021 establishing a security partnership for the 2022 Football World Cup demonstrates France’s commitment to supporting the Qatari security forces in the preparation and execution of this global event. . Significant progress was observed in 2019 with the signing of an agreement governing the status of the security forces.

Bilateral military exercises and training are regularly organized in the emirate. Cooperation between France and Qatar in the fight against terrorism and its financing was deepened with the signing of a joint declaration of intent and roadmap on December 7, 2017, during the President’s visit French in Doha. Qatar also participated in the two “No Money for Terror” conferences to combat terrorism and its financing, organized in Paris in 2018 and 2019[10].

His Excellency the Ambassador of Qatar to France[11] believes that the existing relations between the State of Qatar and the French Republic are considered strong and well-established strategic partnerships, as His Highness the Emir of the country, “may God protects it”, describes them as “strategic and aims to maintain the pace of cooperation between our two countries at all levels. » Officials of the State of Qatar affirm that what unites us with France is an excellent mutual understanding of which we are proud. In this context, the two countries cooperate closely in the areas of foreign policy, trade and economy, culture, sports, security, military affairs and the environment.

He added that this advanced level of joint relations between the two countries has been achieved thanks to our belief in the importance of building balanced and solid relations with friends in France with strategic character, and the keenness of both parties at the highest level. to work hard to adopt a constructive policy aimed at serving the interests of both peoples and promote international peace In the face of challenges of all kinds. It is worth noting that the first visit by His Highness, the country’s Emir, outside the Middle East, after His Highness became Crown Prince, was to France, and the same after he became the country’s Emir. In short, we can say that there is an excellent understanding between the two countries, and that the State of Qatar is very proud of this. It is mentioned in this regard that His Highness (may God protect him) recently confirmed in an interview with the French press that he is in constant contact with His Excellency French President Emmanuel Macron, and that he has met him more than once, and that they talk on the phone, and they share many views on foreign policy, and they seek to cooperate closely in order to promote peace, play a role in regional and global stabilization.

According to the French Ambassador to Qatar[12], the military and defense partnership includes:

• Reminder of French political support for Qatar during the conflict with Bahrain in 1986 over control of the islet of Fasht Dibal;
• Participation of the French Air Force in the air defense of Qatar during the Gulf War (1990-1991);
• Signature of the defense cooperation agreement (1994) to perpetuate, after our commitment during the Gulf War, France’s support for Qatar in the event of external aggression;
• Reminder of French political support for Emir Sheikh Hamad in 1995 during his accession to power

Participation of Qatari forces in the military intervention in Libya in 2011, alongside French forces

We can recall:

• Defense cooperation agreement signed in 1994 (and completed in 1998),
• Status of Forces Agreement (SOFA) signed in 2019,
• Agreement on the exchange of classified defense documents, signed in 2019
• The defense relationship between Qatar and France is strong enough not to be endangered by other partnerships that Qatar deems useful for its defense. Furthermore, the French armies do not claim an exclusive relationship with the armed forces of Qatar.
• The French authorities have constantly sought to maintain a balance in their relations with the various states involved in this crisis. The Qatari authorities were fully informed of our position and mutual trust was not broken. This is one of the reasons for the choice to acquire, from France, a batch of 12 Rafale combat aircraft at the end of 2017..

The slowdown in military cooperation is mainly due to the significant demand on French forces in areas of operations (Sahel, Iraq, Estonia). New modes of cooperation were launched during this period: strategic exchanges, support for securing the World Cup.

Political and diplomatic relations,

The official website of the French Ministry of Europe and Foreign Affairs published on January 29, 2023, an article describing Franco-Qatari political relations[13]. Qatar and France have maintained relations since Qatar’s declaration of independence in 1971 and the mutual opening of diplomatic relations the following year.

The bilateral relationship began to develop in the early 1990s in the area of security and hydrocarbons. TotalEnergies (formerly Total) has been established in Qatar since 1936 and very quickly became one of the main partners of QatarEnergies (formerly Qatar Petroleum) in the extraction and development of the country’s hydrocarbon resources.

Qatar’s desire to diversify the country’s economy and reduce its dependence on gas revenues has made it possible to broaden the scope of our cooperation in the military and security (fight against terrorism and radicalization), economic and investment (infrastructure with the Doha metro, aviation) but also in culture (with the museums of Qatar), education and higher education (HEC Paris campus in Doha). France and Qatar also wish to strengthen their cooperation in the field of sport and on major global issues such as climate, global health and smart and sustainable cities.

Consultations between authorities, including at the highest level, are regular. The Strategic Dialogue, established in 2019, allows operational monitoring of major projects that structure the bilateral relationship. The first round, co-chaired by foreign ministers, was held in Doha on March 28, 2022.

Since 2017, the President of the French Republic has visited Doha twice. During his first visit, on December 7, 2017, several agreements were signed in the areas of economy, education, defense and the fight against terrorism and radicalization. The President of the Republic visited Doha again on December 3, 2021, as part of a visit to the Gulf, during which the question of Afghanistan was at the heart of the discussions. Two evacuation and humanitarian assistance operations were carried out jointly with Qatar.

The establishment of diplomatic relations between France and Qatar does not seem to have any other cause than the natural process of establishing relations between two independent States, when they consider it useful for mutual interests and regional stability.

According to a diplomat and specialist in Political Science[14], if Africa is generally seen as a zone of French influence, the Middle East remains that of the United States, at least since the Quincy pact of 1945 between the USA and the ‘Saudi Arabia. But this state of affairs, considered an achievement of international relations, has never prevented the United States from pushing its pawns into Africa, nor France from seeking to extend its influence in the Arabian Peninsula.

But beyond its own interest, France is also sensitive to symbols; and Qatar has not failed to send signals of interest to France since its independence in 1971. It is in French that the very young state requested membership in the UN. And France will be among the first countries to open up to a diplomatic representation of Qatar in 1972.

Since then, relations have slowly but continually strengthened, notably with a military cooperation agreement signed in 1994. On a cultural level, if the children of the Royal family educated at the French-Qatari Voltaire high school, have been learning French since a very young age. , the opening of an HEC branch in Doha and bringing the latter as an associate member into the world organization of the Francophonie on October 13, 2012 in Kinshasa is also a strong symbol of Qatar’s growing interest in the language of Molière, it is also for the latter through this strategic orientation to find, in terms of training of executives, as in terms of military alliances, alternatives to the Anglo-Saxon models.

The growth of mutual interests between the two States has therefore continued to increase since 1972 and reflects an effective and strong dynamic which strengthens the solidity of bilateral relations.

The two parties started on a mutual trust which led over time to diplomatic concordance in their respective positions on numerous subjects of bi or multilateral interest and a remarkable progress linking the two countries on the strategic level.

For France, since 1945, European construction has been at the heart of French foreign policy. Several major reasons for this: restoring peace and guaranteeing the security of States, consecrating the democratic form of government, and building an integrated economic and monetary space capable of guaranteeing prosperity for the European peoples. From then on, General de Gaulle and the French presidents will continue to work towards the realization and development of this European base to make it an economic power and a respected political forum.

For the State of Qatar, according to its constitution, the country’s foreign and diplomatic policy is based on the principle of strengthening international peace and security, by promoting the resolution of international conflicts by peaceful means, by supporting the right of peoples to self-determination, and non-interference in the internal affairs of States and cooperation with peace-loving nations.

Cited above, the principle of trust which forms the basis of bilateral relations between the two countries is the result of a common desire and transparency nourished by the interests of each to find a reliable and effective alternative in the other. It is obvious that international relations have evolved since the Second World War, which is why the principle of diversifying partners is highly appreciated by states to the extent that their interests are there.

All strategic issues between the two countries deserve to be developed, particularly in energy and military cooperation and above all political consultation.

The common interests and the particularity of the trust of each party put these relations in an unwavering and reliable higher rank. Added to this, the role of each person in their sphere and the degree of consultation on different subjects of common interest only strengthen these relationships and make them particularly privileged.

He added that among the main agreements already signed between the two countries are:

1994 defense agreement

Unwavering support from Emir Father Hamad bin Khalifa AL THANI

Support of the country for the organization of the World Cup

Support for the country during the 2017 crisis

 

Economic exchanges (energy, transport, etc.)

The website of the Ministry of Finance of Qatar published, on January 29, 2023[15], an article entitled “Joint statement France-Qatar”, on the economic partnership between France and the State of Qatar. His Excellency Ali bin Ahmed Al Kuwari, Minister of Finance of the State of Qatar, and Bruno Le Maire, Minister of Economy, Finance, Industry and Digital Sovereignty of the French Republic, met at Doha on January 29 on the occasion of the French minister’s visit to Qatar.

Building on the strong economic and commercial ties between the State of Qatar and the French Republic, the two countries reaffirmed their mutual commitment to deepening their economic and financial cooperation.

Bilateral relations between Qatar and France are based on long-standing friendship and mutual trust, as well as important shared strategic economic interests. In this spirit, Qatar and France have agreed to strengthen their existing partnership, based on the Memorandum of Understanding signed between H.E. Ali bin Ahmed Al Kuwari and Bruno Le Maire in December 2021.

Over the past two years, Qatar and France have developed growing and fruitful cooperation in the areas of circular economy, food security, public-private partnerships, public debt issues and green finance. The two sides agreed to continue to strengthen their dialogue in these areas, as well as on the promotion of cross-investments and on energy.

Regarding cross-investments, Qatar and France discussed the content of a roadmap containing specific areas and projects of common interest, with a strong focus on innovation in digital and emerging technologies, in line with the national visions of Qatar and France for 2030.

Cooperation in environments (new energies)

This paragraph studies the various conventions signed between the State of Qatar and France in the field of the environment The official website of the Ministry of Economy, Finance and Industrial and Digital Sovereignty published an article on 22 October 2023[16], specifying the bilateral Franco-Qatari desire to strengthen cooperation between the two countries in the field of the environment. The meeting on Qatar’s national dialogue on climate change began on October 15 under the leadership of the Minister of Environment and Climate Change, Dr. Sheikh Faleh Al Thani, and in the presence of the French Ambassador to Qatar, Mr. Jean-Baptiste Faivre.

As part of a collaboration, the Qatar Fund for Development (QFFD), Earthna Center for Sustainable Future and the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change are proud to present the QFFD Sustainable Development Awards. Designed to reward exemplary sustainable development initiatives from least developed countries (LDCs), this platform highlights the commitment to global progress.

This year the award focused primarily on food security. We have carefully reviewed projects characterized by innovation, scalability and tangible and effective solutions in the area of climate change challenges.

During this session, Mr. Khalifa bin Jassem Al-Kuwari, Director General of QFFD, will have the honor of presenting the award and officially announcing the winner – a crucial moment that illustrates our collaborative commitment to advancing sustainable practices worldwide.

The website Perspective Monde published an article on February 28, 2019 titled “Qatar uninhabitable by 2100”[17]. According to this article, the fight against climate change has become a global issue, now affecting all regions of the globe. Since 1980, natural disasters have multiplied, with increasing intensity over the years. Heatwaves, droughts, torrential rains, cyclones and hurricanes are all manifestations of global warming which affect all countries and can no longer be neglected.

By 2100, large parts of Gulf cities, including Abu Dhabi, Doha, Dubai, Dhahran and Bandar Abbas, could become uninhabited due to extreme temperatures. In Qatar, the effects of global warming, aggravated by dense humidity, could lead to the total evacuation of the Arabian Peninsula. According to estimates, peaks in humid temperatures will approach, or even exceed, the critical threshold, becoming fatal for human beings. If no action is taken to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, Qatar could turn into a vast uninhabited desert. In recent years, extreme heat has become commonplace in summer, with temperatures reaching almost 50°C.

Qatari researchers point out that urban areas are particularly vulnerable to rapid temperature increases due to the presence of materials that absorb heat, as well as asphalt.

The peninsula also experiences other extreme weather phenomena linked to global warming. In October 2018, a year’s worth of rain fell in less than 24 hours in Doha, the Qatari capital. Normally, autumn is the driest season of the year in Qatar, with an annual average of 77 millimeters of rain, while 84 fell in a single day.

Nations in the Middle East will face severe water shortages over the next 25 years, according to data from the World Resources Institute. Indeed, Qatar finds itself in a situation of extreme water stress, with water availability below 1,700 cubic meters per capita per year. Lacking lakes and rivers on its territory, Qatar has very limited access to renewable fresh water sources and must therefore rely mainly on groundwater and desalination. Recurring droughts in this region of the globe are exacerbating and accelerating the water crisis.

Despite geographical constraints, Qatar is also a major polluter. With an annual production of nearly 50 tonnes of carbon dioxide (CO2) per inhabitant, it holds the sad record of the largest emitter of CO2 per person in the world. This massive CO2 emission is largely responsible for global warming, given that Qatar, although sparsely populated, is a large producer of oil and gas.

Often criticized on the international scene because of its significant greenhouse gas emissions, Qatar is now seeking to improve its image. Indeed, this country is becoming a model for all sustainable development and renewable energy initiatives in its region. The objective is to create a cleaner environment in terms of energy and thus contribute to alleviating the problems linked to climate change. However, so far the country has not made a formal commitment to the United Nations (UN) climate negotiations.

As part of its National Vision 2030, Qatar is committed to reducing its dependence on fossil fuels and places sustainable development at the top of its priorities. For example, it aims to install infrastructure capable of producing 10 gigawatts of solar energy.

Additionally, Qatar, along with five other major oil industry companies, is committed to tackling climate change. Together, they encourage the companies they support to better integrate the risks linked to climate change.

As with any country whose economy is largely dependent on the oil industry, Qatar faces major challenges in this transition to a greener economy. Nevertheless, he has promised to build solar-powered stadiums for the FIFA World Cup held on his territory in 2022. If he manages to keep this promise, he will position himself as a leader in his region.

The Qatari authorities have decided to highlight France during the 3rd edition of their national dialogue. Thus, in collaboration with the Ministry of Environment and Climate Change as well as Earthna (Qatar Foundation), the Economic Service of the French Embassy and the France Qatar Chamber of Commerce and Industry (CCIFQ) worked closely together.

The event, called Qatar National Dialogue on Climate Change (QNDCC), took place at the Congress Center at Expo 2023 Doha, and brought together around twenty panelists over two days to discuss innovation for a sustainable economic development. Topics covered during the roundtables and presentations included food security, economic diversification, green finance, artificial intelligence and sustainable transportation.

Several leading Qatari institutions and companies were represented at the event, including the Ministry of Trade and Industry, Ministry of Municipalities, Qatar National Bank (QNB), Qatar Development Bank (QDB), Qatar Fund For Development ( QFFD), Qatar University, Hamad bin Khalifa University, Baladna, Mowasalat, Starlink, Strategy Hub, among others.

French expertise was highly appreciated and greatly contributed to the success of the event, with the participation of companies such as Alstom, Aura Aero, BNP Paribas, Crédit Agricole, Egis, Engie, Veolia, Vinci, among the panelists .

In addition, this event made it possible to highlight the objectives of the national strategies of France and Qatar for 2030, as well as to present various initiatives in favor of a sustainable economy. Cooperation between France and Qatar is already strong, but there are opportunities to deepen partnerships in key areas such as the development of sustainable transport, the implementation of a circular economy, the creation of a local ecosystem to guarantee food security, the digitalization of the economy and the promotion of green finance.

Delving into the complex dynamics of water and food security in Qatar, this roundtable aims to dissect the challenges of ensuring sustainable access to clean water and food resilience in the particular context of Qatar . Bringing together leading experts, policy makers and key stakeholders, this session is dedicated to thoughtful deliberations on strategies to combat water scarcity and strengthen food security.

The focus will be on innovative solutions, particularly in the area of efficient water management. Discussions will include cutting-edge technologies such as desalination and wastewater recycling, recognized as essential to address Qatar’s arid environmental constraints. Regarding food security, the panel will look at local agricultural initiatives, the potential of vertical farming and the diversification of food sources.

In addition, the group will examine the impact of climate change on these critical sectors and the need to put in place adaptation and mitigation strategies. By addressing the issue of water and food security holistically, this group aims to foster sustainable solutions that will not only benefit Qatar, but also serve as a model for regions facing similar challenges in an increasingly globalized world. more vulnerable to climate change.

 Cultural, scientific and technological cooperation

In the field of culture, the Qatar-France cultural year 2020 was a highlight of the bilateral relationship, marked by joint activities between the embassy and major French and Qatari cultural institutions: “Our world is burning” at the Palace from Tokyo, in cooperation with the Mathaf Museum in Doha; the Picasso workshops at the Doha fire station, the result of cooperation between the museums of Qatar and the National Picasso Museum in Paris. Furthermore, the National Museum of Qatar, created by Ateliers Jean Nouvel, was inaugurated on March 27, 2019 in the presence of the Emir, Sheikh Tamim Al Thani, and the French Prime Minister, Mr. Édouard Philippe, visiting State in Qatar.

Qatar – home to 200,000 French speakers – has been an associate member of the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie (OIF) since October 2012. In the same year, the Qatari Ministry of Education launched a project to reintroduce the French language in public education, which will be relaunched in 2022. The creation of a minor in French at Qatar University in 2016 was a major step forward in promoting the French language. The university has also joined the Agence Universitaire de la Francophonie as an observer member. Around a hundred Qatari students are currently enrolled in French language centres and universities. Two French schools have been set up in Doha: the Lycée Bonaparte, under contract with the Agence pour l’enseignement français à l’étranger (AEFE), which celebrated its 44th anniversary in 2020, and the Lycée franco-qatari Voltaire, approved by the AEFE, which celebrated its 13th anniversary this year. Some 3,400 students attend the two schools.

In the field of higher education and research, Qatar has invited several major international academic institutions to establish a branch abroad in its ‘Education City’. The HEC business school in Paris is one of these institutions and will be celebrating its 10th anniversary in Qatar in 2020. More than 720 students have graduated since 2010.

France and Qatar have also built up a partnership of trust in the field of sport, with France providing assistance for the 15th Asian Games in 2006. During Prime Minister Édouard Philippe’s visit in March 2019, France pledged to support Qatar in organising the 2022 Football World Cup, particularly in the area of security.

 

*Doctoral researcher at the Université de la Lumière, Lyon 2.

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References

 

[1] Arafat Ali Jarghoun, (قطر وتغير السياسة الخارجية (حلفاء – أعداء), Le Qatar et le changement de politique étrangère : alliés et ennemis, Centre arabe d’études politiques, Doha, 2017.

[2] Al-Watan, « Le partenariat qatari-français est un modèle mondial », publié le 29 février 2024, https://www.al-watan.com/article/110516/الوطن/الشراكة-القطرية-الفرنسية-نموذج-عالمي

[3] Qatar-Tribune, “ Qatar & France : Tremendous Strides For Bright Future”, publié le 31 mai 2022, https://www.qatar-tribune.com/article/235644/OPINION/Qatar-France-Tremendous-Strides-For-Bright-Future

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[6] Reuters, “ After Qatar talks, France sees chance to develop defence partnership

”, publié le 26 juillet 2023, https://www.reuters.com/business/aerospace-defense/france-eyes-new-qatar-rafale-warplane-deal-defence-ministry-source-2023-07-25/

[7] CCIFQ, “Qatar and France affirm the depth and diversity of their strategic partnership”, publié le 29 février 2024, https://www.ccifq.com/en/news/zoom-on-a-news/news/qatar-and-france-affirm-the-depth-and-diversity-of-their-strategic-partnership.html

[8] Team France, “Guide des affaires Qatar 2023”, publié le 24 mars 2023, https://www.teamfrance-export.fr/livres-blancs/87325-guide-des-affaires-qatar-2023

[9]  Thenewkhalij, “Les relations qataris-françaises… du domaine économique à l’espace militaire », publié le 28 avril 2023, https://thenewkhalij.news/article/293848/فرنسا-وقطر-علاقة-دائمة

[10] “France and Qatar : Bilateral relations”, publié le 29 janvier 2023, https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/qatar/france-and-qatar-65122/#sommaire_1

[11] Entretien du 24 juillet 2023.

[12] Entretien du 9 juillet 2022.

[13] “France and Qatar : Bilateral relations”, publié le 29 janvier 2023, https://www.diplomatie.gouv.fr/en/country-files/qatar/france-and-qatar-65122/#sommaire_1

[14] Entretien du 10 avril 2023.

[15] « Joint statement France-Qatar », publié le 29 janvier 2023, https://presse.economie.gouv.fr/29012023-joint-statement-france-qatar/#:~:text=Qatari%2DFrench%20bilateral%20relations%20are,Le%20Maire%20in%20December%202021.

[16] DG, “La France, partenaire du Qatar National Dialogue on Climate Change », publie le 22 octobre 2023, https://www.tresor.economie.gouv.fr/Articles/2023/10/22/la-france-partenaire-du-qatar-national-dialogue-on-climate-change

 

[17] Perspective Monde, “Qatar : inhabitable d’ici 2100 », publie le 28 février 2019, https://perspective.usherbrooke.ca/bilan/servlet/BMAnalyse/2709#:~:text=Au%20Qatar%2C%20les%20effets%20du,la%20péninsule%20arabique%20(2).&text=Selon%20des%20estimations%2C%20des%20pics,mortel%20pour%20l’être%20humain.